Digital Twinning for Industrial Control Systems
This theme develops fidelity-aware digital twins that bridge engineered control code, physical process models, and experimental testbeds. Our work spans formal verification, real-system validation, and runtime conformance checking. We also leverage agentic testing frameworks for CPS that allow autonomous evaluation of system resilience, enabling verification and mitigation synthesis across realistic testbeds. Together, these efforts establish a principled foundation for trustworthy experimentation and security in cyber-physical infrastructure.

Funded Projects
SPHERE CPS Enclave: Reconfigurable Testbed for CPS
SPHERE CPS Enclave is a reconfigurable, remotely accessible industrial-control experimentation environment for repeatable and shareable cybersecurity studies spanning PLC logic, SCADA/HMI interaction, process telemetry, and configurable network behavior.
FMitF: Formal Verification & Implementation Stack for PLCs
FMitF develops a provably correct stack that links formal hybrid-system models to PLC implementations, combining verified runtime monitoring with bidirectional model-code translation for industrial control systems.
SMELL-CPS: Symbolic Math Expressions from Low-level Logic in Cyber-Physical Systems (ReMATH AIE)
SMELL-CPS developed methods to extract interpretable mathematical expressions and semantic structure from low-level CPS control binaries, enabling reverse engineering, assurance analysis, and downstream automated testing workflows.
Featured Publications
ICSTracker: Backtracking Intrusions in Modern Industrial Control Systems
Md Raihan Ahmed, Jainta Paul, Levi Taiji Li, et al.
2025 55th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN) • 2025
SPHERE CPS Enclave: A Reconfigurable Testbed for Industrial Control System Security Experimentation
Luis Garcia, Jelena Mirkovic, David Balenson, et al.
Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE 16th International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems (with CPS-IoT Week 2025) • 2025
HyTwin: Hybrid Program Semantics for Digital Twin-Based Security Interventions in Industrial Control Systems
Jainta Paul, Stefan Mitsch, Luis Garcia
NASA Formal Methods Symposium • 2025
HyPLC: Hybrid programmable logic controller program translation for verification
Luis Garcia, Stefan Mitsch, Andr{\'e} Platzer
Proceedings of the 10th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Cyber-Physical Systems • 2019
Related Publications
Collaborative Research: FMitF: Track I: A Formal Verification and Implementation Stack for Programmable Logic Controllers
NSF Award Number 2425711. Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering • 2023
Towards Cross-Physical-Domain Threat Inference for Industrial Control System Defense Adaptation
Proceedings of the 2024 Workshop on Re-design Industrial Control Systems with Security • 2023
Collaborative Research: FMitF: Track I: A Formal Verification and Implementation Stack for Programmable Logic Controllers
NSF Award Number 2220312. Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering • 2022
Modeling Human-Cyber Interactions in Safety-Critical Cyber-Physical/Industrial Control Systems
2022 IEEE 19th International Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc and Smart Systems (MASS) • 2022
$\{$PAtt$\}$: Physics-based Attestation of Control Systems
22nd International Symposium on Research in Attacks, Intrusions and Defenses (RAID 2019) • 2019
Tell Me More Than Just Assembly! Reversing Cyber-Physical Execution Semantics of Embedded IoT Controller Software Binaries
2019 49th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN) • 2019
Power grid safety control via fine-grained multi-persona programmable logic controllers
2017 IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm) • 2017